What Is In-Circuit Testing (ICT)? Importance for PCB Quality Manufacturing

Bed of nails in-circuit testing ICT machine inspecting assembled PCBA for PCB quality defects

Introduction Before talking about In-Circuit Testing for printed circuit boards. Do you ever wonder how electronic manufacturers use different types of methods to confirm that the printed circuit boards operate correctly prior to delivery at the customer level? Modern electronic devices are rapidly increasing in size and complexity.  A minor  PCB defect can create a […]

Glass Fiber Weave Effect on High-Speed Differential Pair

Glass fiber weave effect causing skew in a high-speed differential pair: one trace over glass bundle (slower), the other over resin-rich area (faster) on PCB material

The glass fiber weave effect, also known as weave skew, is a critical signal integrity challenge in high-speed PCB design that occurs when differential pair traces experience uneven propagation delays due to dielectric constant variations between fiberglass strands and resin. As data rates climb into multi-gigabit ranges (PCIe Gen 5, USB4, 100G Ethernet), even picosecond-level […]